The Creative Economy? Towards A Culture of Possibility - Bella Caledonia Column October 2019
Image: Kirstin McEwan Photography, with thanks to The Stove Network
This column was first published on Bella Caledonia and in the Sunday National on Sunday 20th October 2019
This month I have been on a journey from Shetland to Dumfries reflecting on creativity, community and cultural commons
In the last of the summer sun I sailed north across the whale road to a conference organised by the Centre for Rural Creativity, University of the Highlands and Islands, in partnership with Shetland Arts at the Mareel. Invoking the old Norn dialect word for where the shore meets the sea, the event was called Shoormal – an invitation to explore issues of creative practice, collaboration and the ‘shifting sands in the creative economy’.
Artists, archaeologists, ethnologists, peat bog restorers and many more came together to reflect on how we might sustain community and creative cultural activity in local places – with a particular focus on the islands – recognising in particular the vital role of arts, culture and heritage. From northern nousts to knitting, there were many fascinating and inspiring presentations and performances.
My own contribution was to a lively workshop conversation session interrogating the ideologies underpinning the so-called ‘creative economy’ in its current form, suggesting the model of the ‘cultural commons’ as a liberating alternative to the status quo. Many of us already agree that the current economic system is not the answer to our problems; indeed, it is the very cause. Faced with a climate emergency, business as usual is no longer an option.
The concepts of the ‘creative economy’ and the ‘creative industries’ as they currently exist are actually fairly recent inventions (of course, there has always been a creative economy of sorts, since prehistoric times). Forged in the neoliberal context of Blair and the New Labour project in the late 1990s, the creative industries were a political construct linking culture and creativity to the drivers of economic growth, defined as ‘those industries which have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent and which have a potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property’ (DCMS, 2001).
The idea first emerged in the context of regeneration in urban and industrial settings, quickly spreading to the rural periphery. Professor Ullrich Kockel writes,
“In conjunction with tourism and a ubiquitous resource called ‘heritage,’ ‘creative industries’ came to be seen as the salvation of regions that were otherwise considered economic basket cases, and the ‘creative economy’ as one sustained by its continuously renewable, freely available primary resource: human creativity.”
The political spin was that the creative industries would champion the social utility of arts and culture as progressive realms to engage fractured communities, realise progressive values and create a more sustainable economic world.
In Scotland, the fledgling Labour-led Scottish Executive adopted a cultural policy on this economic model. This era saw the creeping in of technocratic forms of governance, based upon quantitative data, economic indicators and market pricing. In arts, culture and heritage, state-led policy filtered down to arts institutions and then on to artists, participants and audiences via funders. When the SNP came to power, they too drank the Kool Aid, embracing this policy wholeheartedly with the creation of Creative Scotland.
People will argue that the creative economy has been an unquestionable economic success story. At what cost? Over the past two decades, we have witnessed the ongoing neoliberal transformation of our cultural practices into economic activities. So much of our arts, culture and heritage has been co-opted and commodified into the tourism and creative industries, stripping out so much of what sustains culture and community at the root in favour of innovation and market competition. Markets have thin commitments to localities, cultures and ways of life.
As it currently exists, this is a system built on individualism, competition and the extraction of cultural and social wealth: it commodifies collective constellations of meaning and singularises that which is common.
What has happened here reflects a broader trend in global society: a shift towards the financialisation of almost all aspects of life. Everything of potential future value is transformed into an asset to be leveraged; relationships are turned into services, commons into commodities, humans into economic agents, artists into professional entrepreneurs. This has been described by commons scholar David Bollier as the ‘great invisible tragedy of our time’.
Hitched as they are to the pursuit of endless economic growth, the tourism and creative industries are entangled and implicated in the global systemic crises – economic, social and ecological. As part of a wider movement demanding systemic change, then, we need to radically rethink and reorient the creative economy.
There are plenty of critiques to be found. In a recent blog post (‘Low Culture: Neoliberalism, Conservative Social Practice and the Universal Marginality of Everyday Life’, Oct 7, 2019) community artist Stephen Pritchard writes about the alienation, isolation, marginalisation and powerlessness that results when the laws of the market are the rule, reflecting on the cumulative and corroding effects of neoliberal policies on the arts and artists, on people and communities, on places and spaces.
All-too-often, he writes, creative ‘strategies’ such as ‘placemaking’ or ‘community engagement’ are neo-imperial projects that ‘offer ideological cover for market driven or state assisted gentrification’, using state-approved art to colonise communities via ‘inclusion’ initiatives from the top down, whilst continuing to oppress and displace them.
In his provocative book Against Creativity (2018), Oli Mould makes similar arguments: that modern capitalism has hijacked the word ‘creativity.’ Under this economic regime, to ‘be creative’ means finding new and agile ways to survive in a hostile and precarious environment from which all solidarity has been ruthlessly eliminated.
The mainstream version of creativity that we are sold by government, he argues, actually serves to maintain the status quo, upholding existing capitalist relations and systems of oppression – systems which ‘create rampant precariousness, the emboldening of global fascism, climate catastrophe and all the other ills that we see marching towards us on the horizon.’
Mould argues that the creative industries are harming, not helping artists, feeding off an army of freelance, precarious and volunteer workers. Always despite this, people still find ways to make art, to connect, to make meaning, to build community. For over two decades now, he writes, ‘all but the very few fortunate of creative labourers have had to live cobbled-together portfolio careers and sell their artistic soul for a few grand of arts council funding’.
We need to acknowledge the creative industries for what they currently are, he writes: ‘a political concept that serves no other purpose than to allow capital to do what it does best: serve the few at the expense of the rest’.
The supposedly winning formulas of economic growth, market fundamentalism, and national bureaucracies have become blatantly dysfunctional. This is not an argument to get rid of money or markets; neither is this an argument for an economics of scarcity or against regeneration. This is an argument for releasing ourselves from the grip and structures of contemporary neoliberal capitalism-as-we-know-it.
What would a creative economy look like, Mould asks, that was deeply socialised, that created collective power to resist precariousness, exploitation and systems of oppression? What, indeed, would a creative economy look like that that prioritised the deep and long term nourishing of local culture and community at the root, over activities that are economically productive?
In my experience, mainstream conversations don’t seem either able or willing to grasp or grapple with the kind of radical turnaround that is now an imperative. So many organisations and institutions are locked in; those in leadership roles can’t see a way out, even if they wanted to. Others put a great deal of time and energy into ‘creatively’ finding ways to outflank the system, knowing full well that the real deep and sustaining cultural work is always done despite this bluster. So often I hear the sentiment that ‘we just have to play the game’ or ‘work the system’ in order to do the work that we so passionately believe in. It shouldn’t be this way; it doesn’t have to be this way. We have to change the game; we have to change the system.
We need to reclaim a radical creativity that goes against the prevailing discourses of our time – a creativity that is far more about searching out new ways of living, new ways of organising ourselves and our economy, new ways of being and flourishing in the world. Writer Ursula Le Guin says it best:
“We live in capitalism. Its power seems inescapable. So did the divine right of kings. Any human power can be resisted and changed by human beings. Resistance and change often begin in art. Very often in our art, the art of words.”
Making Common Cause
Perhaps we don’t even need to look very far for alternative economic models. I have written previously (May 2019) about the global movement to reclaim the commons, a social form of mutual cooperation that has long lived in the shadows of market economy and state power. The commons expresses a very old idea: that some forms of wealth belong to all of us, and that community resources, knowledge and practices must be pooled, actively protected and managed for the good of all.
In the recently published practical handbook for the commons called Free, Fair and Alive: The Insurgent Power of the Commons (2019), the authors write:
“The commons is a germinal vision for reimagining our future together and reinventing social organisation, economics, infrastructure, politics and state power itself ”
Last week I travelled to the opposite end of the country, to doonhamers’ Dumfries, to celebrate the Scottish launch of a collection of essays on the potential of ‘creative cultural commoning’ published by Voluntary Arts, Making Common Cause. As the editors have discovered, commoning is already an inherent and active part of everyday local community life. New civic and cultural ecosystems are springing up all over the place, providing alternatives to the dispiriting status quo.
This project emerged against a civic background in the UK and Ireland which was becoming increasingly fragmented as a result of both privatisation and neglect through budget cuts in the name of austerity politics. Many of the support structures for art and culture – like public spaces for creativity, libraries, arts officers and funding – were being enclosed, lost or restricted. The authors write,
“We live in an era where the consequences and effects of dominant economic, social and political paradigms are pressing upon people, damaging democracy and fomenting feelings of frustration, helplessness and despair. It’s now when creating together, wisely and hopefully, matters most.”
The book launch was hosted by the wonderful folks at The Stove Network in Dumfries, the only artist-led community development trust in the UK. With colleagues from Ireland and with our hosts, we learned more about the emerging story of the Stove – a wonderful example of what can be done to reignite the creative spirit of a place, making use of local heritage and the arts (music and performance, film and sound, writing as well as public art) to engage and mobilise people as agents of change in their own place, imagining futures and building them together.
That evening we enjoyed a moonlit public art walk along the river Nith, with invited provocations from local and guest speakers on the themes of our shared commons: culture, community, food, language, knowledge and nature, discovering local stories and their global connections. Author and director of Voluntary Arts Scotland, Jemma Neville, spoke about the importance of ‘leaning into the local’ and the life-giving power of conversation – the etymology of which means both ‘the place where one lives or dwells’ and ‘a turning towards.’
Our walk and talk was followed by a shared meal in convivial company at The Stove’s building on the high street, with further conversation on the theme hosted by poet Tom Pow. The evening was a real lift to the spirits – a source of energy for work to come.
How might we begin to make a transformative change in the creative economy for the common good?
We need to dig where we stand. We need to seed new forms of economic relations at the local level, allowing many little experiments to proceed, building interdependency from below. Creativity and culture does not flow down from above into the local mileu and manifest itself in reality, it has to be cultivated and channelled.
If we are to meet the challenges of the future, it is vital that we become much more conscious of ‘culture’ as something that carries with it a very profound meaning, in the sense that it forms human consciousness. It is not merely something to be bought and sold. Culture shapes society and gives rise to social, political and economic realities. In this time of systemic crises, we need a radical cultural politics, and very explicitly so.
The most powerful thing to realise is that the creativity and imagination we collectively possess gives us the capability to transform our lives, economy and society into a culture of possibility.